Professor Postediting in English-to-Arabic Legal/Political Translation: A Case Study of a Freelancer’s Output
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33806/ijaes1170Keywords:
Arabic, English, freelance translation, postediting, translation errors, translation quality assessmentAbstract
Based on a freelancer’s initial translations of ten documents in legal and political contexts, this case study offers an analysis of 40 errors from a posteditor’s feedback on them. House’s (2015) Translation Quality Assessment Model is used to analyze translation errors into overt and covert errors. The analysis shows 4 error types: terminological errors (8/20%), breaches of target language system errors (13/33%), slight changes in meaning errors (9/22%), and phraseological errors (10/25%). While the first two error types are overt and can be easily spotted by the competent reader, the other two are covert and may escape the reader’s attention. Together, these errors mar the translation product in terms of professionalism, generic and contextual appropriateness, and linguistic accuracy. The study concludes that postediting needs to be an integral part of translation business in order to ensure standard quality.
References
Abaker, Ibrahim. (2021). ‘Translating collocations from English into Arabic and vice versa: An empirical study’. International Journal of Linguistics and Translation Studies, 2(3): 1-11.
Ahsan, Arafat, Vandan Mujadia and Dipti Sharma. (2021). ‘Assessing postediting effort in the English-Hindi direction’. Icon, 1: 1-11. https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.09841
Al-Hemyari, Hasna’a. (2023). ‘Arabic and English cultural translation gaps: Problems and strategies.’ International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 11(11): 241-249.
Al-Khaza’leh, Bilal. (2019). ‘Jordanian translation students’: Difficulties in translating English proverbs into Arabic’. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 6(5): 63-78.
Al-Khresheh, Mahammad. (2016). ‘A review study of error analysis theory’. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, 2: 49-59.
Almaaytah, Shahab. (2022). ‘Postediting in translation: Experiences and development’. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(4): 8794–8803.
Almaryat, Odai, Mohammed Farghal and Ahmed Haider. (2024). ‘Translating idioms in political discourse: Translation strategies and semantic categories.’ International Journal of Arabic and English Studies, 25(1): 187-210.
Allen, James. (2003). ‘Postediting’. In Harold Somers (ed.), Computers and Translation: A Translator's Guide, 297–317. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Al-Shabab, Sheikh O. (1996). Interpretation and the Language of Translation: Creativity and Conventions in Translation. Cambridge: Janus Publishing Company.
Askari, Mohammad, Ali Satariyan and Mehdi Ranjbar. (2021). ‘Investigating covert and overt errors using machine translation according to House’s (2015) TQA model within academic context’. Journal of Language and Translation, 11(3): 57–73.
Baker, Mona. (2018). In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London: Routledge.
Bharathi, Shama. (2014). ‘Theory and problems of translation studies.’ IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(9): 67–70.
Biel, Łucja. (2014). Lost in the Eurofog: The Textual Fit of Translated Law. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang International Academic Publishers.
Bowker, Lynne. (2002). Computer-aided Translation Technology: A Practical Introduction. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.
Cao, Deborah. (2007). Translating Law. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Condon, Sherri, Dan Parvaz, John Aberdeen, Christine Doran, Andrew Freeman and Marwan Awad. (2010). ‘Evaluation of machine translation errors in English and Iraqi Arabic’. In Nicoletta Calzolari, Khalid Choukri, Bente Maegaard, Joseph Mariani, Jan Odijk, Stelios Piperidis, Mike Rosner, Daniel Tapias (eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, 159-168. Paris: European Language Resources Association (ELRA).
Dunne, Keiran and Eimear Dunne (eds.). (2011). Translation and Localization Project Management: The Art of the Possible. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Eljazouli, Abderrahim and Noureddine Azmi. (2024). ‘Linguistic and terminological complexities in postediting English-Arabic machine translations.’ International Journal of Language and Literary Studies, 6(3): 16–29.
Farghal, Mohammed. (2012). Advanced Issues in Arabic-English Translation Studies. Kuwait: Academic Publication Council.
Ghazala, Hasan. (2024). ‘On translating legal collocations (English-Arabic): A frame of reference’. Journal of Contemporary Education Theory and Artificial Intelligence 106: 1-10.
Gouadec, Daniel. (2007). Translation as a Profession. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Hamdan, Jihad M., Randa Naser and Hady Hamdan. (2021). ‘Arabic–English translation in the Palestinian–Israeli conflict: Ideology in the wings’. SKASE Journal of Translation and Interpretation, 14(2): 80–96.
House, Juliane. (2015). Translation Quality Assessment: Past and Present. London: Routledge.
Kenny, Dorothy. (2017). ‘Phraseology and translation’. In Alejandro Fernández and Sabine Schmitt (eds.), Phraseology and Culture in English, 345–361. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Koponen, Maarit. (2016). ‘Is machine translation post-editing worth the effort? A survey of research into post-editing and effort’. Journal of Specialised Translation, 25: 131–148.
Litvishko, Olga, Tatyana Shiryaeva, Elena Golubovskaya and Nataliia Mekeko. (2025). ‘Why English legal discourse is difficult to understand’. International Journal of Arabic-English Studies, 25(1): 403-430. https://doi.org/10.33806/ijaes.v25i1.675
Lommel, Arle, Aljoscha Burchar and Hans Uszkoreit. (2014). ‘Multidimensional quality metrics (MQM): A framework for declaring and describing translation quality metrics.’ Tradumàtica: Tecnologies de la Traducció, 12: 455–463.
Nida, Eugene A. (2001). Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
O’Brien, Sharon. (2012). ‘Translation as human–computer interaction’. In Claudia Müller (ed.), Handbook of Translation Studies, 1–6. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Omar, Lamis and Abdelrahman Salih. (2024). ‘Systematic review of English/Arabic machine translation postediting: Implications for AI application in translation research and pedagogy’. Informatics, 11(2): 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics11020023
Roig-Sanz, Diana and Reine Meylaerts. (2018). ‘General introduction: Literary translation and cultural mediators: Toward an agent and process-oriented approach’. In Diana Roig-Sanz and Reine Meylaerts (eds.), Literary Translation and Cultural Mediators in “Peripheral” Cultures, 1–37. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78141-7_1
Šarčević, Susan. (1997). New Approach to Legal Translation. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
Schäffner, Christina. (2019). ‘Translators’ roles and responsibilities.’ In Erik Angelone, Maureen Ehrensberger-Dow and Gary R. Massey (eds.), The Bloomsbury Companion to Language Industry Studies, 63–78. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Schäffner, Christina. (2004). ‘Political discourse analysis from the point of view of translation studies.’ Journal of Language and Politics, 3(1): 117–150. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.3.1.08sch
Senez, Dorothy. (1998). ‘Postediting service for machine translation users at the European Commission’. Translating and the Computer 20: Proceedings of ASLIB Conference.
Trosborg, Anna. (1997). ‘Translating hybrid political texts.’ In Anna Trosborg (ed.), Text Typology and Translation, 145–175. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.26.11tro