The Women of Legends of Mexico: Symbols of Unifying Nations and Dividing Borderlands
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33806/ijaes1094Keywords:
borderland, Chicana, gender, identity, imperialism, Legends of MexicoAbstract
This article examines George Lippard's symbolic representation of Mexican women in his 1847 novel, Legends of Mexico. By politicizing female bodies and historicizing their legends, Lippard legitimizes the righteousness of the United States' invasion and conquest of Mexico. The Mexican female bodies in the novel are used to create a borderland that serves to divide future generations of Mexican Americans from white Americans. Lady Inez and Ximena represent those Chicanas whose identities are put at stake as they suffer fragmentation, alienation, and cultural schizophrenia. Through his inclusion of the two female characters in his war novel and their subsequent transport from Mexico to America—a foreign land with a different language—Lippard helps create what Gloria Anzaldúa calls the borderland. The article analyzes Lippard's portrayal of violence that is inflicted upon the Chicanos in the borderland, legitimizing American hegemony and imperialism over Mexico.
References
Alcaraz, Ramón and Albert C. Ramsey. (2008). The Other Side: Or Notes for The History of the War Between Mexico and The United States. New York: John Wiley.
Alemán, Jesse and Shelley Streeby. (2007). Empire and the Literature of Sensation: An Anthology of Nineteenth-Century Popular Fiction. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Anzaldúa, Gloria. (1987). Borderlands: The New Mestiza/La Frontera. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books.
Darling, Jill. (2021). ‘The borderlands as process and possibility: Gloria Anzaldúa's Borderlands/La Frontera’. In Jill Darling (ed.), Geographies of Identity: Narrative Forms, Feminist Futures, 159–174. New York: Punctum Books.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv22zp3xn.13
Jackson, Joseph. (1935). ‘George Lippard: Misunderstood man of letters.’ The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 59(4): 376–91. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20086939.
Lause, Mark A. (2011). A Secret Society History of the Civil War. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
Lieber, Marlon. (2023). Reading Race Relationally: Embodied Dispositions and
Social Structures in Colson Whitehead's Novels. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag. http://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.1866808
Lippard, George. (2009). Legends of Mexico. Montana: Kessinger.
Luck, Chad. (2014). The Body of Property: Antebellum American Fiction and the
Phenomenology of Possession. New York: Fordham University Press.
McKanan, Dan. (2016). ‘George Lippard, Ignatius Donnelly, and the esoteric theology of American labor’. In Christopher Cantwell, Heath Carter and Janine Drake (eds.), The Pew and the Picket Line: Christianity and the American Working Class, 23-50. Illinois: University of Illinois Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/j.ctt18j8xpw
Mohanty, Chandra T. (2005). ‘Under eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses.’ In Wendy K. Kolmar and Frances Bartkowski (eds.), Feminist Theory: A Reader, 372-379. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Narayan, Uma. (2005). ‘Dislocating cultures: Identities, traditions, and third world feminisms.’ In Wendy K. Kolmar and Frances Bartkowski (eds.), Feminist Theory: A Reader, 542-550. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Nelson, Dana D. (1998). National Manhood: Capitalist Citizenship and the Imagined Fraternity of White Men. Durham: Duke University Press.
Pfitzer, Gregory M. (2008). Popular History and the Literary Marketplace:1840-
Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
Reynolds, David S. (1982). George Lippard. Boston: Twayne.
Sommer, Doris. (1993). Foundational Fictions: The National Romances of Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Streeby, Shelley. (2001). ‘American sensations: Empire, amnesia, and the US-Mexican war’. American Literary History, 13(1): 1–40.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3054544.
Streeby, Shelley. (2002). American Sensations: Class, Empire, and the Production of Popular Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Swenson Benjamin J. (2023). ‘Arnold the traitor: George Lippard, the Mexican-American War, and the search for an antebellum George Washington, 1846–1852’. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 147(1-2): 46-67. https://doi.org/ 10.1353/pmh. 2023.a909545.
Tinnemeyer, Andrea. (2006). Identity Politics of the Captivity Narrative After 1848. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Tompkins, Jane. (1985). Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790-1860. New York: Oxford University Press