Ethnocentrism and Arab Women in Fadia Faqir’s The Cry of the Dove
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33806/ijaes2000.23.1.1Keywords:
Arab women, ethnocentrism, honour killing, patriarchy, The Cry of the DoveAbstract
Arab women bear the struggle of their local tradition in their countries and the tradition of the Westerns when they live between them. They are victims of gender discrimination and racism. Ethnocentrism is the inclination of people who consider their customs, civilizations, culture, skin, and colour superior, demanding others to follow and imitate them. This paper examined the influence of ethnocentrism on Arab women in Arabian and Western countries by analysing Fadia Faqir’s The Cry of the Dove (2007). The framework in this study is guided by ethnocentrism as a concept in postcolonial theory. The findings revealed that (i) due to ethnocentrism, Arab women suffer gender discrimination, violence, marginalisation, slavery, and death, (ii) Western ethnocentrism abuses and dehumanises the Arab women immigrants, and (iii) ethnocentrism creates many chronic social and political diseases in the minds of people (colonizers, colonized and decolonized people, men and women ), (iv) and some Arab women view the Western world as a unique model that should be imitated.
References
Adam, Sibyl. (2017). 'Melancholic migrations and affective objects in Fadia Faqir’s My Name is Salma'. C21 Literature: Journal of 21st-Century Writings, 5 (1) :1-20.
Adorno, Theodor, Else Frenkel-Brenswik, Daniel J. Levinson, and R. Nevitt Sanford. (2019). The Authoritarian Personality. London: Verso Books.
Altemeyer, Bob. (2003). ' Why do religious fundamentalists tend to be prejudiced?' The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 13(1): 17-28.
Aziz, Ahmed Saad. ( 2018). ‘A woman’s struggle for identity and existence: A critical study of Fadia Faqir’s My Name is Salma'. Lark Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics, and Social Sciences 4(31): 1-12.
Beauvoir, Simone de. (1948). The Second Sex. Trans. Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier. London: Vintage.
Bhabha, Homi K. (2012). The Location of Culture. New York, NY: Routledge.
Bizumic, Boris, and John Duckitt. (2012). 'What is and is not Ethnocentrism? A conceptual analysis and political implications’. Political Psychology, 33(6): 887-909.
Canpolat, Seda. ( 2016). 'Scopic dilemmas: Gazing the Muslim woman in Fadia Faqir’s My Name Is Salma and Leila Aboulela’s Minaret'. Contemporary Women's Writing 10(2): 216-235.
Cox, Oliver. (2000). ‘Race relations: Its meaning, beginning, and progress’. In Les Back & John Solomos (eds.), Theories of Race and Racism: A Reader, 96–103. New York: Routledge
Cromer, Evelyn Baring. (1908). Modern Egypt. New York, MacMillan
Darraj, Susan Muaddi, (2004). Scheherazade's Legacy: Arab and Arab American Women on Writing. Connecticut: Praeger.
El-Miniawi, Nayera. (2016). 'The crisis of identity in My Name Is Salma'. Fikr Wa Ibda 17(3): 33-55.
Fanon, Frantz. (1967). Black Skin, White Masks, trans. Charles Lam Markmann. New York: Grove.
Faqir, Fadia. (2001). 'Intrafamily femicide in defence of honour: The case of Jordan'. Third World Quarterly 22(I): 65-82.
Faqir, Fadia. ( 2007). The Cry of the Dove: A Novel. New York, NY: Grove/Atlantic, Inc.
Felemban, Fatima. (2012). 'Linguistic strategies and the construction of identity in My Name is Salma by Fadia Faqir'. Journal of King Saud University-Languages and Translation, 24(1), 43-49.
Gordon, Milton Myron. (1964). Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origin'. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gossman, Lionel. (1995). 'On human diversity: Nationalism, racism, and exoticism in French thought'. International Studies in Philosophy 27(4): 143-145.
Handlin, Oscar. (2002). The Uprooted: The Epic Story of the Great Migrations That Made the American. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.
Herskovits, Melville. (1972). Cultural Relativism: Perspectives in Cultural Pluralism. New York: Random House.
Hout, Syrine. (2011). 'Cultural hybridity, trauma, and memory in diasporic Anglophone Lebanese fiction'. Journal of Postcolonial Writing 47(3): 330-342.
Humm, Maggie. (1995). The Dictionary of Feminist Theory. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Karmi, Sally, and Ayman Yasin. (2020). 'Literary marketability in Fadia Faqir's My Name is Salma'. Jordan Journal of Modern Languages and Literatures, 12(2):185-03.
Kearney, Richard, Paul Ricœur, and Emmanuel Lévinas. (1984). Dialogues with Contemporary Continental Thinkers: The Phenomenological Heritage: Paul Ricoeur, Emmanuel Levinas, Herbert Marcuse, Stanislas Breton, Jacques Derrida. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.
Lasri, Wafa Kheira, and Wassila Hamza Reguig Mouro. (2019). 'Fadia Faqir The Cry of the Dove (2007): Identity wandering between tradition and modernity’. AWEJ for Translation & Literary Studies, 3(3): 113-122.
Kim, Young Yun. (2001). Becoming Intercultural: An Integrative Theory of Communication and Cross-Cultural Adaptation. California: Sage publication.
Mahi, Ahlem Belarbi. (2017). An Intercultural and dialogic analysis of Faqir’s The Cry of the Dove. Published PhD Thesis, University of Tlemcen, Chetouane, Algeria
Memmi, Albert, Howard Greenfeld, Jean Paul Sartre, and Nadine Gordimer. (1965). The Colonizer and the Colonized. Boston: Beacon Press.
Mohanty, Chandra. (1988). ‘Under Western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses’. Feminist Review 30(1): 61-88.
Mohanty, Chandra. (2003).'Under Western eyes revisited: Feminist solidarity through anticapitalist struggles'. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 28(2): 499-535.
Nash, Geoffrey. (2007). The Anglo-Arab Encounter: Fiction and Autobiography by Arab Writers in English. Bern: Peter Lang.
Narayan, Uma.(2018). 'Minds of their own: Choices, autonomy, cultural practices, and other women'. In Louise M. Antony and Charlotte E. Witt (ed), A Mind of One’s Own: Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity, (2nd ed),418-431. New York: Routledge Tylor & Francis Group.
Okolie, Andrew. (2003).'Introduction to the special issue--identity: Now you don't see it; Now you do'. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research 3(1): 1-7.
Onyango, Andrew. (2016). Identity Formation in Fadia Faqir’s Novel My Name Is Salma. Published PhD thesis, University of Nairobi. Nairobi, Kenya.
Pawar, Swati Nanasaheb, and Gautami Pawar. (2019). ' The theme of memory in Fakir Fadiya’s The Cry of the Dove: A diasporic study’. The Criterion: An International Journal in English, 10(1): 59-69.
Rafiqi, Arzoo. (2019). 'A clash of civilizations? Muslims, Christians, and preferences for democracy'. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 58: 689-706.
Ramone, Jenni. (2011). Postcolonial Theories. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rorty, Richard. (1986). On Ethnocentrism: A Reply to Clifford Geertz. Michigan: University of Michigan.
Said, Edward. (2003). Orientalism. London: Penguin
Said, Edward. (2012). Culture and Imperialism. London: Vintage Books.
Salhi, Zahia Smail, and Ian Richard Netton. (2006). The Arab Diaspora: Voices of an Anguished Scream. London: Routledge,
Sardar, Ziauddin. (1999). Orientalism (Concepts in the Social Sciences Series). Buckingham: McGraw-Hill Education.
Sarnou, Dalal. (2014). 'Narratives of Arab anglophone women and the articulation of a major discourse in a minor literature'. International Studies: Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal (IS) 16(1): 65-81.
Schechter, Susan. (1982). Women and Male Violence: The Visions and Struggles of the Battered Women's Movement. Cambridge: South End Press.
Sumner, Francis. ( 1911). War and other Essays. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Tromans, Nicholas, Rana Kabbani, Fatema Mernissi, Christine Riding, and Emily Weeks. (2008). The Lure of the East: British Orientalist Painting. New Haven: Yale University.
Taylor, Charles. (2011). Dilemmas and Connections: Selected Essays. Cambridge: Harvard University.
Turner, John C., Michael A. Hogg, Penelope J. Oakes, Stephen D. Reicher, and Margaret S. Wetherell. (1987). Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory'. Oxford: Basil-Blackwell.
